Narkotika jsou drogy, které utišují bolest, často způsobí usnutí. Řadíme sem opium, deriváty opia a jeho syntetické náhražky. Přírodní narkotika zahrnují opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morfin (MS-Contin, Roxanol), kodein (Tylenol w/codein, Empirin w/codein, Robitussan AC), a thebain. Polosyntetická narkotika jsou heroin a hydromorfon (Dilaudid). Syntetická narkotika jsou meperidin nebo Pethidin (Demerol, Mepergan), methadon (Dolophin, Methadose), crack a jiné (Darvon, Lomotil). Používání opiátů vyvolává labilitu nálad, třes, nespavost, dotyčný špatně vypadá, má špatnou výživu. Jsou většinou silně návykové. Při odvykacích příznacích je v popředí neodolatelná touha po látce, objevuje se husí kůže. Poněvadž se zachovávají psychické schopnosti, je vynalézavost při opatřování další dávky velká.
Opium
(mekonium, laudanum)
Již Purkyně zjistil sám na sobě účinnost našeho domácího opia. Ulevilo mu při intoxikaci víno a dospěl také k závěru, že požití opia chrání proti opilosti vínem. Opium se používalo v Číně jako prostředek, který stereotypní těžkou mechanickou práci činil zajímavějším. Číňani si jej samozřejmě přivezli i do Ameriky a za dob krize na počátku 20. století vytvářeli bílým dělníkům pracovní konkurenci. Stejně činili i černoši s kokainem a mexikánci s marihuanou, přidala se k tomu prohibice (a její stabilně placení úředníci, kteří po svém propuštění hledali práci a šířili proto strach z drog), rasová nenávist, americký protidrogový úřad s jeho tehdejším předsedou Harrym J. Anslingerem (který neměl rád jazz a tedy i černochy, kteří ho hráli) a fanatismus v zakazování drog byl na světě. Surové opium je možné po tepelné úpravě kouřit. Zvládnutí takového rituálu s vodní dýmkou je však dost náročné.
CHEMIE: Na získání 1kg surového opia je zapotřebí šťáva z 20 000 nezralých makovic (továrně se zpracovává celá rostlina Papaver somniferum, Mák setý). Mák se seje v prosinci, v červnu je sklízen, zelené makovice jsou pak naříznuty škrabkou se sedmi čepelemi a přes noc z nich pomalu vytéká šťáva. Vysušený latex je pak stlačován do kostek. Při celém procesu je třeba zamezit přístupu světla. Součástí surového opia je 25 alkaloidů, z nichž je nejdůležitější morfin (HO.C17H17ON.OH, 9 - 13% obsahu) a kodein (3-metylmorfin CH3O.C17H17ON.OH, 0.3 - 1.9%), který se může demetylací v organismu měnit v morfin.
Další opiáty
Deriváty morfinu, jako dikodyd a dihydrokodeinon jsou označovány názvem Brown. Ti, co dlouho brali brown a poté využili otevření poměrů a přešli na heroin, tvrdí, že heroin je proti němu prd. V roce 1980 se v Kalifornii objevil syntetický "China White". Je to preparát asijského původu, osmdesátkrát účinnější než heroin. Špatně se dávkuje a dochází k úmrtím způsobeným ochrnutím dýchacího centra. Hodně se též rozmohlo kouření cracku (crack je stimulant - viz. kokain), v poslední době ale jeho užívači přecházejí zpět na slabší a pohodlnější heroin. Možná i kvůli fámám o geneticky poškozených dětech, které se neprokázaly. Skutečností je, že matkám závislým na opiátech se mohou narodit mentálně retardované děti, stejně tak u kokainu a hlavně alkoholu.
Léčba po opiátech
Akutní stav - postižený zvrací, jinak má suchá ústa. Chabé svaly, deprese dýchání, pomalý tep. Podávat Naloxon, pokud nedojde k reakci, jedná se o jinou drogu. Umělé dýchání, výplach žaludku, protišokové opatření. Návyk se léčí aplikací Apomorfinu, Haloperidolu, Diazepamu. Úplnou abstinencí a detoxikací, aplikací opiátových antagonistů (methadonový program) a terapeutickým spolubydlením s vhodnou ideou. Terapeutická společenství vedou k lepší socializaci, methadonový program spíše stabilizuje. William Burroughs říká, že se vyléčil Apomorfinem, který vzniká vařením morfinu v kyselině solné a který fyziologicky odstraňuje závislost tím, že normalizuje metabolismus. Apomorfin se používá v psychiatrii k léčbě manicko-melancholické psychózy.
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Almost all goods from China are of poor quality: truth or fiction?
(KantDip, 6. 8. 2021 0:46)
Many people have a stereotype in their heads about the low quality of Chinese goods and their short service life. But despite this, all the store shelves are filled with goods from this country, whether it is clothing, appliances or even cars. Let's see what category of quality Chinese goods actually belong to.
Is it true that China produces everything?
According to statistics, every item number five is produced in the "Middle Kingdom". It is not surprising, because there are many factories and industries in the country. The question is, what is China not yet engaged in the production of?
Production of goods in China
Now even operating systems and nuclear reactors, Beijing has put on production. Of course, something is still being purchased from other countries, but the active growth in production is visible to the naked eye.
What has China succeeded most in?
It is obvious that in clothing, shoes and other consumer goods.
Automated shoe sewing lines
Further, the figures are really striking in their scale - 70% of smartphones, 60% of construction materials, 90% of computers and components, and so on, are produced in China. The following areas are also developing - metallurgy, mechanical engineering and shipbuilding, well, it has been known for a long time about Beijing's actively developing program for space exploration. Even the robots beloved by Japan and Korea, China has recently been doing more.
Which companies from the West produce their goods in China?
It is easier to list those who do not produce their goods in this country, because companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Sony, Adidas, Nike, Gucci, Colgate, Nivea and many others have long found in China the main manufacturer of their goods.
Assembly conveyor line at a Chinese factory
There are explanations for this, one of them is the opportunity to open and launch your production according to a ready-made scheme in a very short time and with low costs.
What about cars?
The time when cars from China were like test cars has passed. Now this industry is growing very rapidly, and with it the quality of cars. Now the Chinese car industry is in no way inferior to other manufacturers in comparable classes.
Chinese cars HAVAL
On the roads of any Russian city, you can find a lot of Chinese-made cars, and such popularity indicates the availability and reliability of these cars.
To sum up: is China about quality or not?
Of course, it is impossible to say unequivocally what the quality of the purchased thing will be, because China produces almost all types of goods and does it in huge volumes, but who and under what conditions produces this or that product is another question.
Tag on clothing made in China
A popular myth in our country about low-quality goods with the inscription "Made in China" appeared in the 1990s, it was then that cheap Chinese consumer goods began to appear on the markets of Russia and Europe. Now, serious and high quality control has been established at the factories of China. Any doubts of the quality control department about the product, send the products for reworking. And the success of Chinese companies in the field of mobile development suggests that a lot of attention is paid to the quality of products.
On the website https://china-bazar.com you can order any product from China at an affordable price.
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